For those interested in learning more about Public Speaking Apprehension from an academic standpoint, here is the list of the references that were consulted throughout the creation of this website. A tip in finding additional sources would be to conduct a search using the keywords of articles listed here. Also, for the purposes of keeping the academic sources separate from the media sources for ease of research purposes, the media sources have been listed in a section below the academic references.
Academic References
Allen, M. & Bourhis, J. (1996). The relationship of communication apprehension to communication behavior: A meta-analysis. Communication Quarterly, 44, 2, 214.
Ayres, J. (1986). Perceptions of speaking ability: An explanation for stage fright. Communication Education, 35, 3, 275-87.
Ayres, J. & Heuett, B. L. (1997). The relationship between visual imagery and public speaking apprehension. Communication Reports, 10, 1, 87-94.
Ayres, J. & Sonandre, D. A. (2002). The stroop test for public speaking apprehension: Validity and reliability. Communication Research Reports, 19, 167-174.
Ayres, D. M. (1995). Reducing communication apprehension among at-risk children. Communication Reports, 8, 2, 178-84.
Ayres, J. (1996). Speech preparation processes and speech apprehension. Communication Education, 45, 3, 228-35.
Ayres, J., & Schliesman, T. S. ( 2002). Paradoxical Intention: An Alternative for the Reduction of Communication Apprehension?. Communication Research Reports, 19, 38-45.
Beatty, M. J. & Valencic, K. M. (2000). Context-based apprehension versus planning demands: A communibiological analysis of anticipatory public speaking anxiety - In recent years, communication scholars have turned their attention toward the etiology of communicator traits, including communication apprehension. three general models of communication apprehension development have been proposed: (1) genetics, (2) social learning, and (3) inadequate skills acquisition. in general, scholars tend to view none of these models as sufficient opting instead to conclude that communication apprehension probably results from a combination of all three factors. Beatty and McCroskey's communibiological model, however, places inborn, individual differences in the sensitivity of neurobiological systems at the center of communication apprehension. although the communibiological perspective has been compared to learning perspectives on communication apprehension, proponents of the communibiological perspective have not considered the predictive power of the skills acquisition approach. In the present study, hypotheses derived from the skills acquisition literature were tested. specifically, demand for speech preparation skills and trait public speaking apprehension were compared as predictors of state anxiety experienced immediately before a graded classroom performance. consistent with extant research, public speaking apprehension significantly predicted anticipatory anxiety. however, no significant effect was observed for planning skills. findings are examined within the context of the skills acquisition literature, communibiological theory and classroom applications. Communication Education, 49, 1, 58.
Beatty, M. J., McCroskey, J. C. & Heisel, A. D. (1998). Communication apprehension as temperamental expression: A communibiological paradigm. Communication Monographs, 65, 3, 197.
Behnke, R. & Sawyer, C. (2000). Anticipatory anxiety patterns for male and female public speakers. Communication Education, 49, 2, 187-195.
Behnke, R. R., Sawyer, C. R., & King, P. E. (1994). Contagion Theory and the Communication of Public Speaking State Anxiety. Communication Education, 43, 3, 246.
Booth-Butterfield, S. & Cottone, R. R. (1991). Ethical issues in the treatment of communication apprehension and avoidance. Communication Education, 40, 2, 172-79.
Bourhis, J. & Allen, M. (1992). Meta-analysis of the relationship between communication apprehension and cognitive performance. Communication Education, 41, 1, 68-76.
Brown, T. & Morrissey, L. (2004). The effectiveness of verbal self-guidance as a transfer of training intervention: Its impact on presentation performance, self efficacy and anxiety. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 41, 3, 255-271.
Burk, J. E. (2001). Communication apprehension among master's of business administration students: Investigating a gap in communication education. Communication Education, 50, 1, 51-58.
Chesebro, J. W. (1992). Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence of at-risk students. Communication Education, 41, 4, 345-60.
Condit, C. M. ( 2000). Culture and Biology in Human Communication: Toward a Multi-causal Model.Communication Education, 49, 7-24.
Donovan, L. A., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2004). Age and Sex Differences in Willingness to Communicate, Communication Apprehension, and Self-Perceived Competence. Communication Research Reports : Crr, 21, 4, 420.
Duff, D. C., Levine, T. R., Beatty, M. J., Woolbright, J. & Sun, P. H. (2007). Testing public anxiety treatments against a credible placebo control. Communication Education, 56, 1, 72-88.
Dwyer, K. K. (1998). Communication Apprehension and Learning Style Preference: Correlations and Implications for Teaching. Communication Education,47, 2, 137.
Dwyer, K. K. (2000). The multidimensional model: Teaching students to self-manage high communication apprehension by self-selecting treatments. Communication Education, 49, 1, 72-81.
Elkins, M. R. (1996). I will fear no audience: General semantics applied to a communication apprehensive public speaking laboratory. Etc: a Review of General Semantics, 53, 1, 69-84.
Ellis, K. (1995). Apprehension, self-perceived competency, and teacher immediacy in the laboratory-supported public speaking course: Trends and relationships. Communication Education, 44, 1, 64-78.
Elwood, T. D., & Schrader, D. C. (1998). Family Communication Patterns and Communication Apprehension. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,13, 3, 493.
Ericson, P. M., & Gardner, J. W. (1992). Two Longitudinal Studies of Communication Apprehension and Its Effects on College Students' Success. Communication Quarterly, 40, 2, 127-37.
Finn, A. N., Sawyer, C. R., & Schrodt, P. (2009). Examining the Effect of Exposure Therapy on Public Speaking State Anxiety. Communication Education,58, 1, 92-109.
Harb, G. C., Eng, W., Zaider, T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2003). Behavioral assessment of public-speaking anxiety using a modified version of the social performance rating scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 11, 1373-80.
Heuett, B. L., Hsu, C.-F. & Ayres, J. (2003). Testing a screening procedure in the treatments for communication apprehension. Communication Research Reports: Crr, 20, 3, 219.
Hinton, J. S. & Kramer, M. W. (1998). The impact of self-directed videotape feedback on students' self-reported levels of communication competence and apprehension. Communication Education, 47, 2, 151-61.
Honeycutt, J., Choi, C. & Deberry, J. (2009). Communication apprehension and imagined interactions. Communication Research Reports : Crr, 26, 3, 228.
Hsu, C.-F. (1998). Relationships Between Family Characteristics and Communication Apprehension.Communication Research Reports, 15, 1, 91-98.
Hutchinson, K. L., & Neuliep, J. W. (1994). The Influence of Parent and Peer Modeling on the Development of Communication Apprehension in Elementary School Children. Communication Quarterly,41, 1, 16-25.
Jung, H. Y., & McCroskey, J. C. (2004). Communication Apprehension in a First Language and Self-Perceived Competence as Predictors of Communication Apprehension in a Second Language: A Study of Speakers of English as a Second Language. Communication Quarterly, 52, 2, 170.
Keaten, J., & Kelly, L. (2004). Disposition versus situation: Neurocommunlcology and the influence of trait apprehension versus situational factors on state public speaking anxiety.Communication Research Reports, 21, 3, 273-283.
Levine, T. R. & McCroskey, J. C. (1990). Measuring trait communication apprehension: A test of rival measurement models of the PRCA-24. Communication Monographs, 57, 1, 62-72.
MacDonald, J. R. & MacIntyre, P. D. (1998). Public speaking anxiety: Perceived competence and audience congeniality. Communication Education, 47, 4, 359-65.
McCroskey, J. C. (1977). Classroom consequences of communication apprehension. Communication Education, 26, 1, 27-33.
McCroskey, J. C. (1985). The Content Validity of the PRCA-24 as a Measure of Communication Apprehension across Communication Contexts.Communication Quarterly, 33, 3, 165-73.
McCroskey, J. C. (1989). The Impact of Communication Apprehension on College Student Retention and Success. Communication Quarterly, 37, 2, 100-7.
McCroskey, J. C. (1993). Reliability and Validity of the Willingness to Communicate Scale. Communication Quarterly, 40, 1, 16-25.
McCroskey, J. C. (1993). Reliability and validity of the willingness to communicate scale. Communication Quarterly, 40, 1, 16-25.
McCroskey, J. C. (2006). Reliability and validity of the generalized attitude measure and generalized belief measure. Communication Quarterly, 54, 3, 265-274.
McGuire, J., Stauble, C., Abbott, D. & Fisher, R. (1995). Ethical issues in the treatment of communication apprehension: A survey of communication professionals. Communication Education, 44, 2, 98.
Opt, S. K. & Loffredo, D. A. (2000). Rethinking communication apprehension: A myers-briggs perspective. The Journal of Psychology, 134, 5, 556.
Roberts, J. B., Sawyer, C. R. & Behnke, R. R. (2002). Facets of pavlovian temperament as correlates of communication apprehension. Communication Research Reports, 19, 156-166.
Rosenfeld, L. B., Grant, C. H., & McCroskey, J. C. (1995). Communication Apprehension and Self-perceived Communication Competence of Academically Gifted Students. Communication Education, 44, 1, 79.
Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M., & Jordan, F. F. (1997). Effects of Instruction on Communication Apprehension and Communication Competence.Communication Education, 46, 2, 104.
Sawyer, C. R., & Behnke, R. R. (1997). Communication Apprehension and Implicit Memories of Public Speaking State Anxiety. Communication Quarterly,45, 3, 211.
Trauma Man. (2010, March 24). [graphic]. Retrieved from http://templeofblackzen.com/zen-therapy/.
Wenty Leagues. (2010). [photo]. Retrieved from http://www.wentyleagues.com.au/whatson/getactive/gentleexercise.aspx.
Whitworth, R. H., & Cochran, C. (1996). Evaluation of Integrated Versus Unitary Treatments for Reducing Public Speaking Anxiety. Communication Education, 45, 4, 306.
Ayres, J. (1986). Perceptions of speaking ability: An explanation for stage fright. Communication Education, 35, 3, 275-87.
Ayres, J. & Heuett, B. L. (1997). The relationship between visual imagery and public speaking apprehension. Communication Reports, 10, 1, 87-94.
Ayres, J. & Sonandre, D. A. (2002). The stroop test for public speaking apprehension: Validity and reliability. Communication Research Reports, 19, 167-174.
Ayres, D. M. (1995). Reducing communication apprehension among at-risk children. Communication Reports, 8, 2, 178-84.
Ayres, J. (1996). Speech preparation processes and speech apprehension. Communication Education, 45, 3, 228-35.
Ayres, J., & Schliesman, T. S. ( 2002). Paradoxical Intention: An Alternative for the Reduction of Communication Apprehension?. Communication Research Reports, 19, 38-45.
Beatty, M. J. & Valencic, K. M. (2000). Context-based apprehension versus planning demands: A communibiological analysis of anticipatory public speaking anxiety - In recent years, communication scholars have turned their attention toward the etiology of communicator traits, including communication apprehension. three general models of communication apprehension development have been proposed: (1) genetics, (2) social learning, and (3) inadequate skills acquisition. in general, scholars tend to view none of these models as sufficient opting instead to conclude that communication apprehension probably results from a combination of all three factors. Beatty and McCroskey's communibiological model, however, places inborn, individual differences in the sensitivity of neurobiological systems at the center of communication apprehension. although the communibiological perspective has been compared to learning perspectives on communication apprehension, proponents of the communibiological perspective have not considered the predictive power of the skills acquisition approach. In the present study, hypotheses derived from the skills acquisition literature were tested. specifically, demand for speech preparation skills and trait public speaking apprehension were compared as predictors of state anxiety experienced immediately before a graded classroom performance. consistent with extant research, public speaking apprehension significantly predicted anticipatory anxiety. however, no significant effect was observed for planning skills. findings are examined within the context of the skills acquisition literature, communibiological theory and classroom applications. Communication Education, 49, 1, 58.
Beatty, M. J., McCroskey, J. C. & Heisel, A. D. (1998). Communication apprehension as temperamental expression: A communibiological paradigm. Communication Monographs, 65, 3, 197.
Behnke, R. & Sawyer, C. (2000). Anticipatory anxiety patterns for male and female public speakers. Communication Education, 49, 2, 187-195.
Behnke, R. R., Sawyer, C. R., & King, P. E. (1994). Contagion Theory and the Communication of Public Speaking State Anxiety. Communication Education, 43, 3, 246.
Booth-Butterfield, S. & Cottone, R. R. (1991). Ethical issues in the treatment of communication apprehension and avoidance. Communication Education, 40, 2, 172-79.
Bourhis, J. & Allen, M. (1992). Meta-analysis of the relationship between communication apprehension and cognitive performance. Communication Education, 41, 1, 68-76.
Brown, T. & Morrissey, L. (2004). The effectiveness of verbal self-guidance as a transfer of training intervention: Its impact on presentation performance, self efficacy and anxiety. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 41, 3, 255-271.
Burk, J. E. (2001). Communication apprehension among master's of business administration students: Investigating a gap in communication education. Communication Education, 50, 1, 51-58.
Chesebro, J. W. (1992). Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence of at-risk students. Communication Education, 41, 4, 345-60.
Condit, C. M. ( 2000). Culture and Biology in Human Communication: Toward a Multi-causal Model.Communication Education, 49, 7-24.
Donovan, L. A., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2004). Age and Sex Differences in Willingness to Communicate, Communication Apprehension, and Self-Perceived Competence. Communication Research Reports : Crr, 21, 4, 420.
Duff, D. C., Levine, T. R., Beatty, M. J., Woolbright, J. & Sun, P. H. (2007). Testing public anxiety treatments against a credible placebo control. Communication Education, 56, 1, 72-88.
Dwyer, K. K. (1998). Communication Apprehension and Learning Style Preference: Correlations and Implications for Teaching. Communication Education,47, 2, 137.
Dwyer, K. K. (2000). The multidimensional model: Teaching students to self-manage high communication apprehension by self-selecting treatments. Communication Education, 49, 1, 72-81.
Elkins, M. R. (1996). I will fear no audience: General semantics applied to a communication apprehensive public speaking laboratory. Etc: a Review of General Semantics, 53, 1, 69-84.
Ellis, K. (1995). Apprehension, self-perceived competency, and teacher immediacy in the laboratory-supported public speaking course: Trends and relationships. Communication Education, 44, 1, 64-78.
Elwood, T. D., & Schrader, D. C. (1998). Family Communication Patterns and Communication Apprehension. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality,13, 3, 493.
Ericson, P. M., & Gardner, J. W. (1992). Two Longitudinal Studies of Communication Apprehension and Its Effects on College Students' Success. Communication Quarterly, 40, 2, 127-37.
Finn, A. N., Sawyer, C. R., & Schrodt, P. (2009). Examining the Effect of Exposure Therapy on Public Speaking State Anxiety. Communication Education,58, 1, 92-109.
Harb, G. C., Eng, W., Zaider, T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2003). Behavioral assessment of public-speaking anxiety using a modified version of the social performance rating scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 11, 1373-80.
Heuett, B. L., Hsu, C.-F. & Ayres, J. (2003). Testing a screening procedure in the treatments for communication apprehension. Communication Research Reports: Crr, 20, 3, 219.
Hinton, J. S. & Kramer, M. W. (1998). The impact of self-directed videotape feedback on students' self-reported levels of communication competence and apprehension. Communication Education, 47, 2, 151-61.
Honeycutt, J., Choi, C. & Deberry, J. (2009). Communication apprehension and imagined interactions. Communication Research Reports : Crr, 26, 3, 228.
Hsu, C.-F. (1998). Relationships Between Family Characteristics and Communication Apprehension.Communication Research Reports, 15, 1, 91-98.
Hutchinson, K. L., & Neuliep, J. W. (1994). The Influence of Parent and Peer Modeling on the Development of Communication Apprehension in Elementary School Children. Communication Quarterly,41, 1, 16-25.
Jung, H. Y., & McCroskey, J. C. (2004). Communication Apprehension in a First Language and Self-Perceived Competence as Predictors of Communication Apprehension in a Second Language: A Study of Speakers of English as a Second Language. Communication Quarterly, 52, 2, 170.
Keaten, J., & Kelly, L. (2004). Disposition versus situation: Neurocommunlcology and the influence of trait apprehension versus situational factors on state public speaking anxiety.Communication Research Reports, 21, 3, 273-283.
Levine, T. R. & McCroskey, J. C. (1990). Measuring trait communication apprehension: A test of rival measurement models of the PRCA-24. Communication Monographs, 57, 1, 62-72.
MacDonald, J. R. & MacIntyre, P. D. (1998). Public speaking anxiety: Perceived competence and audience congeniality. Communication Education, 47, 4, 359-65.
McCroskey, J. C. (1977). Classroom consequences of communication apprehension. Communication Education, 26, 1, 27-33.
McCroskey, J. C. (1985). The Content Validity of the PRCA-24 as a Measure of Communication Apprehension across Communication Contexts.Communication Quarterly, 33, 3, 165-73.
McCroskey, J. C. (1989). The Impact of Communication Apprehension on College Student Retention and Success. Communication Quarterly, 37, 2, 100-7.
McCroskey, J. C. (1993). Reliability and Validity of the Willingness to Communicate Scale. Communication Quarterly, 40, 1, 16-25.
McCroskey, J. C. (1993). Reliability and validity of the willingness to communicate scale. Communication Quarterly, 40, 1, 16-25.
McCroskey, J. C. (2006). Reliability and validity of the generalized attitude measure and generalized belief measure. Communication Quarterly, 54, 3, 265-274.
McGuire, J., Stauble, C., Abbott, D. & Fisher, R. (1995). Ethical issues in the treatment of communication apprehension: A survey of communication professionals. Communication Education, 44, 2, 98.
Opt, S. K. & Loffredo, D. A. (2000). Rethinking communication apprehension: A myers-briggs perspective. The Journal of Psychology, 134, 5, 556.
Roberts, J. B., Sawyer, C. R. & Behnke, R. R. (2002). Facets of pavlovian temperament as correlates of communication apprehension. Communication Research Reports, 19, 156-166.
Rosenfeld, L. B., Grant, C. H., & McCroskey, J. C. (1995). Communication Apprehension and Self-perceived Communication Competence of Academically Gifted Students. Communication Education, 44, 1, 79.
Rubin, R. B., Rubin, A. M., & Jordan, F. F. (1997). Effects of Instruction on Communication Apprehension and Communication Competence.Communication Education, 46, 2, 104.
Sawyer, C. R., & Behnke, R. R. (1997). Communication Apprehension and Implicit Memories of Public Speaking State Anxiety. Communication Quarterly,45, 3, 211.
Trauma Man. (2010, March 24). [graphic]. Retrieved from http://templeofblackzen.com/zen-therapy/.
Wenty Leagues. (2010). [photo]. Retrieved from http://www.wentyleagues.com.au/whatson/getactive/gentleexercise.aspx.
Whitworth, R. H., & Cochran, C. (1996). Evaluation of Integrated Versus Unitary Treatments for Reducing Public Speaking Anxiety. Communication Education, 45, 4, 306.
Media References
Alb, M. (2009, Spetember 17). [graphic]. Retrieved from http://livinfuture.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html.
Amanda'sVlog. (2010, January 14). Public speaking=anxiety. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdPWnFneDjA.
Ashtabula Family Health Department. (2008). [graphic]. Retrieved from http://www.ashtabulacountyhealth.com/jahia/Jahia/site/achd/pid/69.
Bravinaspeechpill. (2009, April 13). Public speech pill. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyZyUEAsv3k.
BYU Women's Services. (2010) [graphic]. Retrieved from https://wsr.byu.edu/content/perfectionism.
Concept4vanzari. (2009, March 15). Seinfeld the serenity now sales contest. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlep7VYBFh8.
ConsueloDASA. (2009, November 18). Dealing with social anxiety disorder. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1ZtUaobX9M.
Diwan, P. (2010, September 9). [brain graphic]. Retrieved from http://www.topnews.in/brain-speaks-paralysis-2273164.
eMitten. (2004). [photo]. Retrieved from http://www.emitten.org.uk/Training/Training%20Days/2009/Dec%202009/dec_2009.htm.
Healthwise. (2008, February 28). [anatomic illustration] Central nervous system. Retrieved from http://www.health.com/health/library/mdp/0,,tp12308,00.html.
Katiedupree88. (2009, May 19). Why hire me? Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-n8Y3aWt4EY.
Kimbal's Biology Pages. (2009, December 30). [visual representation/flow chart]. Organization of the nervous system. Retrieved from http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html.
Kimbal's Biology Pages. (2009, December 30). [visual representation/anatomic illustration]. The Autonomic nervous system. Retrieved from http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html.
Macsd. (2010, January 14). My journey by margarita n. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dych1fG948Q.
Marina. (2009, September 22). [photo]. Retrieved from http://www.myngle.com/blog/2009/09/22/the-language-e-learning-industry-part-1-languages.
Merriam-Webster. (2010). [anatomic illustration]. Visual dictionary online: Peripheral nervous system. Retrieved from http://visual.merriam-webster.com/human-being/anatomy/nervous-system/peripheral-nervous-system.php.
Mindbitesdotcom. (2008, December 2). Public speaking: Student voice: "i got used to it." Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKhBXu_-S0A&feature=channel.
Mindbitesdotcom. (2009, December 2). Public speaking: Anxiety pervasiveness & symptoms. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wsZjYxyj7w.
Moodygurl628. (2008, May 20). Family communication project. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5MLkufu59Q.
Ng, S. (2008). [photo]. Retreived from http://hubpages.com/hub/How_to_Deal_With_Separation_Anxiety.
Science Daily. (2007, Nov. 1). [photo]. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071029172856.htm.
Sebring High School. (no date). [photo]. Retrieved from http://highmail.highlands.k12.fl.us/~shs/.
Squidsee. (2008, February 17). Male brain -vs- female brain. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZ2IiyAEo-o.
Stellarflare21. (2009, April 27). Systematic desensitization psychology photo project. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PtQayTTkts.
TalentDevelop. (2009, July 27). Shy actors: Vanessa hudgens, sigourney weaver, taye diggs. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rP-FJqtfZgc.
TheGlovinator. (2007, March 20). Sociology - social interaction. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amNiOJv1RyU.
Universal Class. (2010). [photo]. Retrieved from http://www.universalclass.com/i/course/learn-behavior-management.htm.
Amanda'sVlog. (2010, January 14). Public speaking=anxiety. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdPWnFneDjA.
Ashtabula Family Health Department. (2008). [graphic]. Retrieved from http://www.ashtabulacountyhealth.com/jahia/Jahia/site/achd/pid/69.
Bravinaspeechpill. (2009, April 13). Public speech pill. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyZyUEAsv3k.
BYU Women's Services. (2010) [graphic]. Retrieved from https://wsr.byu.edu/content/perfectionism.
Concept4vanzari. (2009, March 15). Seinfeld the serenity now sales contest. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlep7VYBFh8.
ConsueloDASA. (2009, November 18). Dealing with social anxiety disorder. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1ZtUaobX9M.
Diwan, P. (2010, September 9). [brain graphic]. Retrieved from http://www.topnews.in/brain-speaks-paralysis-2273164.
eMitten. (2004). [photo]. Retrieved from http://www.emitten.org.uk/Training/Training%20Days/2009/Dec%202009/dec_2009.htm.
Healthwise. (2008, February 28). [anatomic illustration] Central nervous system. Retrieved from http://www.health.com/health/library/mdp/0,,tp12308,00.html.
Katiedupree88. (2009, May 19). Why hire me? Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-n8Y3aWt4EY.
Kimbal's Biology Pages. (2009, December 30). [visual representation/flow chart]. Organization of the nervous system. Retrieved from http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html.
Kimbal's Biology Pages. (2009, December 30). [visual representation/anatomic illustration]. The Autonomic nervous system. Retrieved from http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html.
Macsd. (2010, January 14). My journey by margarita n. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dych1fG948Q.
Marina. (2009, September 22). [photo]. Retrieved from http://www.myngle.com/blog/2009/09/22/the-language-e-learning-industry-part-1-languages.
Merriam-Webster. (2010). [anatomic illustration]. Visual dictionary online: Peripheral nervous system. Retrieved from http://visual.merriam-webster.com/human-being/anatomy/nervous-system/peripheral-nervous-system.php.
Mindbitesdotcom. (2008, December 2). Public speaking: Student voice: "i got used to it." Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKhBXu_-S0A&feature=channel.
Mindbitesdotcom. (2009, December 2). Public speaking: Anxiety pervasiveness & symptoms. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wsZjYxyj7w.
Moodygurl628. (2008, May 20). Family communication project. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5MLkufu59Q.
Ng, S. (2008). [photo]. Retreived from http://hubpages.com/hub/How_to_Deal_With_Separation_Anxiety.
Science Daily. (2007, Nov. 1). [photo]. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071029172856.htm.
Sebring High School. (no date). [photo]. Retrieved from http://highmail.highlands.k12.fl.us/~shs/.
Squidsee. (2008, February 17). Male brain -vs- female brain. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZ2IiyAEo-o.
Stellarflare21. (2009, April 27). Systematic desensitization psychology photo project. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PtQayTTkts.
TalentDevelop. (2009, July 27). Shy actors: Vanessa hudgens, sigourney weaver, taye diggs. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rP-FJqtfZgc.
TheGlovinator. (2007, March 20). Sociology - social interaction. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amNiOJv1RyU.
Universal Class. (2010). [photo]. Retrieved from http://www.universalclass.com/i/course/learn-behavior-management.htm.